Monday, January 27, 2020

Health Care of Salt Workers in Surendranagar District

Health Care of Salt Workers in Surendranagar District INTRODUCTION HEALTH is a blessing from GOD. The enjoyment of highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being (Preamble to WHO Constitution UN, 1948). According to Human Rights Article 25; every one has the right to medical care and necessary social services. According to a well-known adage, â€Å"He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has every thing†. Understanding the impact of social inequalities on health has become a public health priority in the new millennium (1). Social, political, and economic factors now are acknowledged to be fundamental causes of disease that affect behavior, beliefs, and biology (2). This recognition is changing the theoretical framework of epidemiology by incorporating the complex, interactive process that creates population health differentials (3). Understanding this socio-biological translation among general masses is critically important because it is very important to know the behavior of general masses that in turn help in prioritizing and planning problems and their solutions. Throughout industrialized countries lower adult socioeconomic status (SES) has been clearly linked to poorer health (4-5). Whenever we look globally at the health status in different settings, a wide variation is noticed, in terms of Mortality and Morbidity as well as quality of life. In making choices for health funding in low-income countries, policy makers and donor agencies are guided by epidemiological evidence that indicates the burden of disease on the poor. There is a large body of evidence from developed countries demonstrating an association between poverty and risk of common health problems (6). India is a developing country with one of the most diverse populations in the world. In spite of considerable economic progress in recent years, India continues to face challenges dealing with poverty, unemployment, malnutrition and disease and disability. If we put a cursory glance at Indian health scenario then we can come across certain gruesome health problems such as population explosion problem, hunger and malnutrition (under and over), non-availability of safe drinking water, improper refuse and excreta disposal, high prevalence of communicable diseases, increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases and lack of medical care facilities. Due to unequal distributions of resources hunger and malnutrition are problems everywhere and have harassed mankind and threatened peace throughout history. For many people in the rural areas or remote regions of the India, health facilities are inaccessible and beyond means. The cost of staying alive pushes one quarter of Indians below poverty line. In our Country too many people die as a result of no access to even the most Basic Health Services. Our goal should be that not a single individual feels in any way less of human being. That means by making it possible for every person to receive good health through developed Public Health System. Without some utmost efforts and appropriate measures it seems impossible for every person to receive good health through developed public health infrastructure. Among India’s states, Gujarat has largest coastline and highest number of airports. The population of Gujarat is 5, 0596,992 with a literacy rate up to 70 percent (census 2001). Gujarat has also some of its most impressive traditions (including hospitality) with a vibrant cultural diversity blended with modern amenities of transportation. Gujarat has also quality network of educational institutions. The state has done proud to the nation in socio-cultural, agricultural and industrial (Textile, Cement, Petroleum, Low-Pressure Gas, and Pharmaceutical) fields. It has also earned its rightful place on the national tourist circuit. In spite of all these, the fact remains that, overall development in world in our own country has not mode significant impact on life of salt workers in Surendranagar district else where in Gujarat. Although government few voluntary organizations are trying hand to improve life situation of salt workers, programs is too slow. This is because situation is complicated because of various factors like wide geographic area with scattered houses, inadequate water food supply, inadequate health services, illiteracy, poor economic condition with debt, complex market situation etc. On other side well within Surendranagar City a Medical College is having altogether more than 800 health personnel, which includes medical specialist, other doctors, nursing staff, interns, medical students, nursing students other supportive staff. It is also having well equipped hospital for tertiary as well as primary secondary health care. Looking at need in area, these rich resources should be utilized at the earliest possible. So with following aims objectives C.U. Shah M.C. Hospital have decided to join hands with Govt. NGO for supporting health care of salt workers of Surendranagar district. We hope for success developing a model to be followed in other part of Gujarat Country. AIM OBJECTIVES Aim: Improve health status of salt workers their family members to develop a system whereby they can be a part of it to maintain their own health. Objectives: To assess the present situation of salt workers. To address immediate need for medical care. To develop health care system in which salt workers will participate actively for long term impact on their life future generation. To cooperate with other health related activities for salt workers. To carry out operational research for better effective management of resources as well as to solve problems related to occupational health. To sensitize young students work force for sustaining such activities in future. To evaluate the process outcome for developing effective model health care services for salt workers. To document disseminate findings about this model, so that it can be implemented immediately at reasonable cost in other parts of Gujarat. METHOD Dept. of Occupational Health Care (Rural) will handle the project under the technical guidance of department of preventive social medicine administrative support of Dean, C U Shah Medical College. PERIOD The project is planned for One-year duration, which includes need assessment survey, training, implementation, evaluation, documen-tation dissemination. POPULATION All salt workers, presently working in Surendranagar district will be covered under the project. Around 5,000 families are expected to be the direct beneficiaries of the project. STRATEGY An integrated family health care will be provided with 50 community based Agaria Prathmik Swasthya Kendra with support of 5 Agaria Swathya Kendra. Each Agaria Prathmik Swasthya Kendra will cover around 100 families it will include following facilities. Health check up Treatment of minor ailments Facilities for referring patients to higher referral centres. Health Education Awareness Preventions of diseases with Special emphasis on Occupational Health Guidance. Maternal Child care Guidance about how to have access to essential life commodities. Guidance for alternative employment for temporary period. 9.Supportive facility for informal education. The 5 Agaria Swathya Kendra will be supported with 5 paramedical staff specialist in field of community health, pediatrics, gynecology medicine. It will also be equipped with two wheeler (one per center) 2 mobile health care units. MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS WHICH NEEDS ATTENTION Skin Problems: Dry Skin, Warts, cracks, Fungal Infection Eye: Itching, Watering, Cataract Hypertension Tuberculosis Malaria Backache joint pain Vitamin A Deficiencies, anemia and other malnutrition problems Gynec Problems: White discharge, excessive bleeding during menses Spread of STDs / HIV Diarrhoea ARI Problems of mother children (ANC, PNC, INC etc.) Others as per the need assessment ongoing monitoring. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Dean Trustees | Department of Community Medicine | Project Director | Panel of consultants, doctors, occupational health experts, sociologist etc | Project coordinator field coordinator | Agaria Swasthya Kendra coordinators (ASK) | Agaria Prathmik Swasthya Kendra (APSK) (Community health volunteer) | Salt workers their family members REFERENCES Adler NE, Ostrove JM. Socioeconomic status and health: what we know and what we don’t. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999; 896: 3-15. Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav. 1995; (special issue): 80-94. Kriger N. Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30: 668-677. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, et al. Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am Psychol. 1994; 49: 15-24. Macintyre S. The black report and beyond: what are the issues? Soc Sci Med. 1997; 44: 123-145. Patel V, Kleinman A. Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of World Health Organization 2003; 81: 609-615. BUDGET CONTRIBUTION OF C. U. SHAH MEDICAL COLLEGE Manpower of following category of persons (cost to be born by CUSMC) Teaching staff of PSM Department MSW of PSM Department Department of Pathology Microbiology All Museums One Tutorial Room for Training Clinical Department Staff Ophthalmology Chest TB Medicine Pediatrics Surgery Obstetrics Gynecology Others as per the need Intern Doctors at least 4 on rotation basis Medical Students for need assessment health education awareness purpose. Nursing students will also join when necessary for RCH programme. (Our students had actively participated in SUNAMI, flood relief etc. right now they are active in training of village level youth in Kutch Surendranagar slum rural area) Office staff at our premises Some of the drugs as well as material used in operation etc. Hospital OPD services as well as indoor services. Cost of food accommodation for patients relatives (1 per patient) Library Health education material (including Health Exhibition set) Emergency services including ambulance services. (If we convert cash for one year, it will amount to be not less than 50,00,000/-)

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Female Genital Mutilation is Sexual Abuse Essay -- FGM, Female Genital

Female circumcision, also known as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), is a very dangerous surgery. It is done to girls of any age, from a few days old to right before their wedding. The most common age is three. In most countries where FGM is practiced the clitoris is considered dangerous to the man. At one point they thought that if a penis touched a clitoris, it would shrivel up and fall off. Girls in Africa and parts of Asia are genitally mutilated for family honor, cleanliness, protection against spells, insurance of virginity and faithfulness to the husband, or to terrorize women out of sex. In the late 70’s and early 80’s parts of Europe and the United States used circumcision as a way to â€Å"cure† over-sexed or neurotic women. No matter what the excuse for it, Female Genital Mutilation is a form of sexual abuse. There are three types of Female Genital Mutilation. The first type, Sunna, meaning tradition, is the only form that can correctly be called circumcision. Sunna is the removal of the tip of the clitoris. The second, clitoridectomy, is the most commo...

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Sterilization of Water

Project Report – Determination of the Dosage of Bleaching Powder Required for Sterilization of Different Samples of Water CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL METHODS USED 3. THEORY 4. REQUIREMENTS 5. PROCEDURE 6. OBSERVATION TABLES 7. CALCULATIONS 8. RESULT 9. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Water is the major constituent of all living beings. Water necessary to sustain all types of life. The water used for drinking purpose by human beings should full the following conditions : 1. It should be colourless. 2. It should not possess any smell. 3.It should contain any harmful dissolved salts such as nitrates, mercury salts, lead salts. 4. It should not be contain any living organism such as algae, fungus, bacteria etc. Sterilization of Disinfection of Water In order to obtain water for drinking purpose, water is first treated with alum whereby clay and other colloidal particles go precipitated the suspended impurities are then removed by filtration and the clear water obtained is subjecte d to some suitable treatment to destroy harmful germs and bacteria. These bacteria cause many dangerous disease such as cholera, thyroid, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria etc.The process of killing the harmful bacteria by some suitable treatment of water is called STERILIZATION of DISINFECTION OF WATER. The common sterilizer agents are chlorine, ozone, bleaching powder, potassium per magnate chloramines. Sterilization of water through bleaching powder gives chlorine and if it is in excess, it is harmful for health and causes diseases like chlorawis, unconsciousness etc. So here we determine the exact amount of bleaching powder used of required for the sterilization of given samples of water. General Methods of Sterilizing WaterThere are many methods of sterilizing water but the best is one which gives sample of water which is totally free from germs. Sometimes potassium per magnate is used to disinfect water but it is not for drinking as it gives red colour and the excess of it i s in harmful for health. We use dissolve in water, so it can not be used in large scale. Another method for disinfection is by simply boiling the water for about 15 minutes, but this powder. The chemical action of bleaching powder on germs and bacteria is due to the chlorine which becomes available, when it is added to water.So here in the present context, we shall focus on disinfection of water using bleaching powder. Theory Objective :  Our objective of this project is to determine the amount of bleaching powder required for the sterilization of given samples of water. So certain steps are taken in the context as follows :- 1- A known mass of the given samples of bleaching powder is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water. CaOCl2  + H2O ——————-> Ca(OH)2  + Cl2 – The amount of chlorine present in the above solution is determined by treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of iodine is liberated. The iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate using starch solution as indicator. Cl2  + 2KI ——————–> 2KCl + I2 I2  + 2Na2S2O3  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€> Na2S4O6  + 2NaI 3- A known volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution.The amount of residual chlorines is determined by adding excess potassium iodine solution and then titrating against standard sodium thio-sulphate solution. 4- From the reading in 2 and 3, the amount of chloring and hence bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the given sample of water can be calculated. Requirements for the Experimental Determination Requirements are as follows : Apparatus : 1. Burette 2. Titration Flask 3. 500 ml measuring flask 4. 100 ml Graduated Cylinder 5. 250 ml Measuring flask 6. 1lt. Measuring flask 7. Glazed Tile 8. Glass Wool. Chemicals : 1.Bleaching powder -5gm. 2. Na2SO4—->12. 4 gm. 3. KI – 25gm. 4. Different Sample of Water 5. Distilled Water 6. Soluble starch – 1gm. 7. Indicator – Starch Solution. Procedure : 1- Preparation of N/20 Na2SO4  solution : Take 12. 4 gm of sodium thio-sulphate hydrated and mix it in about 500ml of water then the mixture is diluted to make the volume 1000ml. or 1lt. Normality = strength/Molecular Mass. = 12. 4 / 248 = 1/20N 2- Preparation of 10%KI solution: Take 25gm. of KI powder and mix it in about 100ml of water then dilute the mixture to make the volume 250 ml and take it in the measuring flask. – Preparation of Bleaching Powder solution : Weight 5gm of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200 ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the f lask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool in measuring flask of 500ml. and dilute the filtrate with water to make the volume 500 ml. The solution of obtained is 1% bleaching powder of solution. 4- Preparation of starch solution : Take about 1gm of soluble starch and 10 ml of distilled water in a test table mix vigorously to obtain a paste. Pour the paste in about 100ml. of hot water contained in a beaker with constant stirring.Boil the contents for 4-5min. and then allow to cool. 5- Take 100ml. of distilled of water and then 20ml of bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and add it 20ml of 10% KI solution. Shake the mixture, titrate this solution against N/20 Na2S2O3 Solution taken in burette. When solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in colour add about 2ml of starch solution as indicator. The solution now becomes blue in colour. The end point is disappearance of blur colour, so continue titrating till t he blue colour just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three readings. – Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask and add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake it and titrates against N/20 Na2S2O3  until the solution become yellow. Then add 2ml of starch solution and then again titrate till the blue colour disappears. Repeat titration for three readings. 7- Repeat the step 6 with other samples of water and records the observation. Observation Table Titration : I * Volume of distilled water taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 1. ml| 0. 9ml| 7. 7ml| 2. | 0. 9ml| 16. 6ml| 7. 7ml| 3. | 16. 6ml| 24. 0ml| 7. 7ml| Titration : II * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na 2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 10. 1 ml. | 16. 2 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 2. | 16. 2 ml. | 22. 3 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 3. | 22. 3 ml. | 28. 4 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | Titration : III * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. sed| 1. | 8. 9 ml. | 14. 1 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 2. | 14. 1 ml. | 19. 3 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 3. | 19. 3 ml. | 14. 5 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | Titration : IV * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 16. 1 ml. | 21. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 2. | 21. 1 ml. | 27. 1 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 3. | 27. 1 ml. | 32. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | Calculations : Sample I (TAP WATER) Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water samples I. = (7. 7 – 6. 1) ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solution. 1. 6ml. 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder =5/500 = 0. 01gm. 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 7. 7ml of 0. 2N of Na2SO4 So 1ml of Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution. Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 1. 6 x 20/7. 7ml. 1. 6 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution =1. 6 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 =  0. 4156 gm Calculations : Sample II (POND WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water. = (7. 7 – 5. 2) ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 2. 5ml 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder = 0. 1 gm. 7. 7ml. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution So 1ml of Na2S2O3  = 20ml. of bleaching powder solution. Volume of CaoCl2  solution required to disinfect 100ml of water. = 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 let. of wate r. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 25 x 2/7. 7 =  0. 6493 gm. Calculations : Sample III (TANK WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water. = (7. 7 – 5. 5 ) = 2. 2ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solutions. ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder. = 5/500 = 0. 01gm 7. 7 ml. of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution. so 1ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 ltr. of water = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 22 x 2/77 =  0. 5714gm Results Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required to disinfect one liter of water :- Samples I = 0. 4156Samples II = 0. 6493 Samples III = 0. 5714 Thus we get the amount required for disinfection and if bleaching powder is taken less than this amount water will remain impure and if it taken in excess than this will also be harmful as it will contain chlorine. The results shows that Samples II is the imputes water as the amount of bleaching powder requires is maximum and Sample I is less impure than others as the bleaching powder used is minimum. The tables also show the difference. Titration III has minimum reading because of impurities and titration I has maximum reading because the sample was distilled water.Conclusion : This is the convenient method of sterilizing water. It leaves no impurities and its harmful effect if bleaching powder is taken in right amount. In this way we can calculate the amount of bleaching powder required for any sample of water and then take it in large amount if the water is to be disinfected in large scale as in water works. And thus the only cause of using bleaching powder to disinfect water instead of any other method is this that it kills all germs and bacteria due to its chemical action and provides us a pure sample of water to use for all purpose.

Friday, January 3, 2020

A Comparison of Charles Dickens and Jane Austen Essay

A Comparison of Charles Dickens and Jane Austen ADVANCED ENGLISH LANGUAGE ESSAY Of the many authors to emerge during the nineteenth-century, Charles Dickens and Jane Austen were among the few who would make a lasting impression on the literary world for generations. Hard Times, often referred to as Dickens’ ‘Industrial novel’ and Austen’s Pride and Prejudice have been much read and well-loved classics for many years. It is the purpose of this essay to compare and contrast the different worlds depicted in both Hard Times and Pride and Prejudice. It will also look at the literary development between the early and late nineteenth-century. The essay will end with the examination of the stylistic characteristics of each author.†¦show more content†¦The churches were just as monotonous as the factories and rarely had a â€Å"bell in a bird-cage† on the roof. It may appear that Dickens was indirectly criticising the church for failing to respond to human needs. Stephen Blackpool was an example (but not entirely typical) of a member of the working class. Dickens tells us that he was a forty-year old power-loom weaver who looked older than his years due to a life filled with more than his share of trouble. Although he was uneducated and poor, he was ‘a man of perfect integrity.’ Stephen, however, is not only a victim of the factory system but has domestic problems that complicate and embitter his life. (Page, 1985) Boundary, a prominent man of business represents those from the higher social classes who wish to keep a division between themselves and the lower classes. He is portrayed by Dickens as the worst kind of employer at that time (exploiting the workers in order to make money for the ‘masters’) and his harsh treatment towards Stephen may be seen to represent many rich people’s intolerance for the poor. Dickens shows how the working classes are fighting for a say in the way they are treated at work by forming unions and how a bad negotiator can ruin things. During the 1850s, over 20,000 Preston weavers went on strike for a 10 per cent increase in wages; the event received a great deal of publicity. In order to gather material for Hard Times, Dickens chose to visit the townShow MoreRelated Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman in White Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween these two points are friends and correspondents of Mr. Wilkie Collins. Novelist George Meredith wrote to Collins himself saying, â€Å"The tension of the W[oman] in W[hite] is not exactly pleasant, though cleverly produced. One wearies of it...† Charles Dickens was reserved in his opinion. 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Beloved Jane Eyre Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Light in August Crime and Punishment Macbeth Death of a Salesman The Major of Casterbridge A Doll House The Piano Lesson Ghosts The Playboy of the Western World Great Expectations RomeoRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagess Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1795–96) 19th century[edit] Emma, by Jane Austen (1815) The Red and The Black, by Stendhal (1830) The Captain s Daughter, by Alexander Pushkin (1836) Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « (1847)[21] Pendennis, by William Makepeace Thackeray (1848–1850) David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens (1850) Green Henry, by Gottfried Keller (1855)[22] Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens (1861) Sentimental Education, by Gustave Flaubert (1869) The Adventures of PinocchioRead MoreLiterature and Language10588 Words   |  43 Pagesand Related Criticism (1986). Until Helmut Hatzfeld brought out his bibiography the word â€Å"stylistics† had not appeared in the title of any English book about style although â€Å"stylistique† had appeared in French titles, beginning in 1905 with Charles Bally’s Traite de stylistique francaise. The distinction between the French â€Å"stylistique† (with implications of a system of thought) and the English â€Å"stylistics† ( with the connotation of science) reflects the trends manifested in the grouping of